1. Introduction There is a threat of kidnapping in many parts of the world –an Australian or South African can be kidnapped anywhere. While no one can eliminate the risk of kidnapping, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk.
According to South African Criminal Law, kidnapping consists of the unlawful, intentional deprivation of a person’s freedom of movement and/or, if such a person is a child, the unlawful, intentional deprivation of a parent’s control over the child.

2. Types of kidnapping The methods and motivations behind kidnapping are varied. Kidnapping can be a crime of opportunity. Foreigners have been targeted due to their assumed wealth. The length of any kidnapping incident can also vary widely – from a matter of hours to years. Criminal groups and terrorist organizations can conduct kidnappings. This section details the main types of kidnapping commonly seen globally. There is no ‘standard’ overseas kidnapping scenario. 2.1 There are several types of kidnappings, including:
• Ransom kidnapping: By far the most common form of kidnapping. With ransom kidnapping,the perpetrator demands a ransom in exchange for the safe release of the victim. Tiger kidnapping: The perpetrator takes a victim and demands that a third party (e.g., a family member or colleague) perform a specific act or provide a ransom.
• Parental kidnapping: A parent takes their child without the consent of the other parent, often in the context of custody disputes.
• Acquaintance kidnapping: The perpetrator is someone the victim knows, such as a friend, acquaintance, or online contact.
• Virtual kidnapping: Scammers falsely claim to have kidnapped a victim and demand a ransom from their family or friends.
• Political kidnapping: Kidnapping for political leverage or to further a political agenda.
• Child abduction: The kidnapping of a minor, often by a stranger or someone with a fixation on children.
• Terrorist kidnapping: Terrorist kidnapping refers to the act of unlawfully detaining and holding a person against their will, often for political, ideological, or financial gain, by an individual or group affiliated with terrorist organizations. This heinous crime aims to:
❖ Intimidate and instil fear.
❖ Extort concessions or ransom.
❖ Promote a terrorist agenda; and
❖ Disrupt social and economic stability. Terrorist kidnapping can involve:
❖ Hostage-taking
❖ Abduction
❖ Unlawful detention
❖ Torture and mistreatment
❖ Demand for ransom or concessions It is important to note that terrorist kidnapping is a serious violation of human rights and international law and can have severe psychological and physical consequences for the victims and their loved ones. If you have any information or concern about terrorist kidnapping, please reach out to the appropriate authorities, such as local law enforcement or national anti-terrorism agencies.

3. Measures to Prevent Kidnapping By implementing these measures, individuals can enhance their safety and security. Preventing kidnappings requires a combination of awareness, caution, and proactive measures. Here are some tips to help reduce the risk of kidnapping:

3.1 Be aware of your surroundings, especially in unfamiliar areas.

3.2 Avoid walking alone in isolated or dark places, especially at night.

3.3 Vary your daily routines and travel routes.

3.4 Avoid displaying signs of wealth (e.g., expensive jewellery or watches).

3.5 Keep your children close in public and teach them to stay calm and seek help if approached by a stranger.

3.6 Stay informed about local crime trends and potential hotspots.

3.7 Avoid traveling alone, especially to high-risk areas.

3.8 Stay in well-lit and populated areas, especially at night.

3.9 Trust your instincts and avoid situations that feel uncomfortable or unsafe.

3.10 Keep personal information private, including your address and daily routines.

3.11 Take a risk assessment Individuals who are at a higher risk of being abducted can be effectively identified through a comprehensive assessment. People who hold influential positions and possess wealth in their communities are particularly vulnerable to kidnapping. If the risk assessment reveals this threat, it is crucial to prioritize personal safety and take necessary measures for self-protection. This is especially true for individuals such as politicians, clergy members, humanitarian volunteers, oil industry employees,
tourists, and corps members, as they face a greater likelihood of being targeted for abduction/kidnapping.

3.12 Ensure your online privacy It is crucial to be cautious about what you reveal on social media. Activate the privacy features available on popular social media platforms to better protect yourself.

3.13 Vet your employees It is crucial to thoroughly screen individuals before hiring them, especially those in proximity, such as personal assistants, drivers, home helpers, and security guards.

Additional information to consider:

❖ Be mindful of your online presence and social media sharing.
❖ Carrying a personal alarm or pepper spray (where legal).
❖ Staying in touch with family and friends regularly.
❖ Letting people know your whereabouts and plans is an important safety precaution. Here are some ways to do so:
✓ Share your itinerary with family or friends, including where you are going and when you plan to return.
✓ Leave a note with your destination and contact information.
✓ Check in regularly with loved ones to let them know you are safe.
✓ Use location-sharing features on your phone or social media (if comfortable doing so).
✓ Inform your employer or school about your whereabouts, if applicable.
❖ While you are away
✓ Monitor the local news. If risks elevate, take extra precautions.
✓ In especially high-risk areas, do not travel unless you absolutely must.
✓ Do not venture out without appropriate security measures and personnel.
✓ Stay in accommodation with adequate security measures.
✓ Maintain a high level of vigilance.
✓ Watch for suspicious or unusual activity.
✓ Keep a low profile, especially in locations known to have kidnapping threats.
✓ Inform someone of where you are going and when you expect to return.
✓ If you feel threatened, leave. If in doubt, get out.
✓ If kidnapped, do not act overly defiant towards your captors.
✓ Keep emergency contact information handy Be prepared for emergencies and have access to important phone numbers. These numbers can be used to report suspicious activity and ensure a swift response. It is also important to have contacts for reassurance and support during times of crisis. Important numbers include:
▪ Police.
▪ Local Crime Forum or neighbourhood watch.
▪ Security company.
▪ Family members.
▪ Embassy (if you are outside your country). Remember, prevention is key. Stay vigilant and take steps to reduce your risk. If you or someone you know is a victim of kidnapping, contact local authorities or law enforcement immediately.